Sizokwethula “i-hydrogen”, isizukulwane esilandelayo samandla esingathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. I-hydrogen ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezintathu: “i-hydrogen eluhlaza”, “i-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” kanye “ne-hydrogen empunga”, ngayinye enendlela ehlukile yokukhiqiza. Sizochaza nendlela ngayinye yokukhiqiza, izakhiwo zomzimba njengezinto, izindlela zokugcina/zokuthutha, kanye nezindlela zokusebenzisa. Futhi ngizokwethula nokuthi kungani ingumthombo wamandla oyinhloko wesizukulwane esilandelayo.
Ukuchithwa Kwamanzi Nge-Electrolysis Ukuze Kukhiqizwe I-Hydrogen Eluhlaza
Uma usebenzisa i-hydrogen, kubalulekile "ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen" noma kunjalo. Indlela elula "ukusebenzisa amanzi nge-electrolyze". Mhlawumbe wenze kanjalo kwisayensi yesikole samabanga aphansi. Gcwalisa i-beaker ngamanzi nama-electrode emanzini. Uma ibhethri lixhunywe kuma-electrode futhi linikwe amandla, ukusabela okulandelayo kwenzeka emanzini naku-electrode ngayinye.
Ku-cathode, i-H+ nama-electron ayahlangana ukukhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen, kuyilapho i-anode ikhiqiza umoya-mpilo. Noma kunjalo, le ndlela ilungele ukuhlolwa kwesayensi yesikole, kodwa ukuze kukhiqizwe i-hydrogen ezimbonini, kumele kulungiselelwe izindlela eziphumelelayo ezifanele ukukhiqizwa okukhulu. Lokho kusho ukuthi “i-electrolysis ye-polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)”.
Kule ndlela, i-polymer semipermeable membrane evumela ukudlula kwama-ion e-hydrogen ihlanganiswa phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode. Lapho amanzi ethululelwa ku-anode yedivayisi, ama-ion e-hydrogen akhiqizwa yi-electrolysis ahamba nge-membrane semipermeable aye ku-cathode, lapho eba yi-hydrogen yama-molecule. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-ion e-oxygen awakwazi ukudlula kwi-membrane semipermeable abe ama-molecule e-oxygen ku-anode.
Futhi ku-electrolysis yamanzi e-alkaline, udala i-hydrogen kanye ne-oxygen ngokuhlukanisa i-anode kanye ne-cathode ngesihlukanisi lapho kungadlula khona ama-ion e-hydroxide kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezindlela zezimboni ezifana ne-electrolysis yomusi oshisayo ophezulu.
Ngokwenza lezi zinqubo ngezinga elikhulu, kungatholakala inani elikhulu le-hydrogen. Kule nqubo, kukhiqizwa inani elikhulu le-oxygen (ingxenye yenani le-hydrogen elikhiqizwayo), ukuze lingabi nomthelela omubi emvelweni uma likhishwa emkhathini. Kodwa-ke, i-electrolysis idinga ugesi omningi, ngakho-ke i-hydrogen engena-carbon ingakhiqizwa uma ikhiqizwa ngogesi ongasebenzisi amafutha angaphansi komhlaba, njengama-wind turbine nama-solar panel.
Ungathola “i-hydrogen eluhlaza” ngokufaka amanzi nge-electrolyze usebenzisa amandla ahlanzekile.
Kukhona futhi i-hydrogen generator yokukhiqizwa okukhulu kwale hydrogen eluhlaza. Ngokusebenzisa i-PEM esigabeni se-electrolyzer, i-hydrogen ingakhiqizwa njalo.
I-Hydrogen Eluhlaza Okwesibhakabhaka Eyenziwe Ngamafutha Ezinto Eziphilayo
Ngakho-ke, yiziphi ezinye izindlela zokwenza i-hydrogen? I-hydrogen ikhona kumafutha angaphansi komhlaba njengegesi yemvelo namalahle njengezinto ezingezona amanzi. Isibonelo, cabanga nge-methane (CH4), ingxenye eyinhloko yegesi yemvelo. Kunezinhlobo ezine zama-athomu e-hydrogen lapha. Ungathola i-hydrogen ngokususa le hydrogen.
Enye yalezi inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi “ukuguqulwa kwe-steam methane” esebenzisa umusi. Ifomula yamakhemikhali yale ndlela ilandelayo.
Njengoba ubona, i-carbon monoxide ne-hydrogen kungakhishwa ku-molecule eyodwa ye-methane.
Ngale ndlela, i-hydrogen ingakhiqizwa ngezinqubo ezifana “nokuguqulwa komusi” kanye “ne-pyrolysis” yegesi yemvelo namalahle. “I-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” ibhekisela ku-hydrogen ekhiqizwa ngale ndlela.
Nokho, kulesi simo, i-carbon monoxide kanye ne-carbon dioxide kukhiqizwa njengemikhiqizo engaphansi. Ngakho-ke kufanele uzisebenzise kabusha ngaphambi kokuba zikhishwe emkhathini. I-carbon dioxide engaphansi, uma ingatholakali, iba igesi ye-hydrogen, eyaziwa ngokuthi “i-hydrogen engwevu”.
Uhlobo Luni Lwesakhi I-Hydrogen?
I-hydrogen inenombolo ye-athomu engu-1 futhi iyisici sokuqala etafuleni le-periodic.
Inani lama-athomu likhulu kunawo wonke endaweni yonke, libalelwa cishe ku-90% wazo zonke izinto endaweni yonke. I-athomu encane kunazo zonke equkethe i-proton kanye ne-electron yi-athomu ye-hydrogen.
I-hydrogen inama-isotope amabili anama-neutron anamathele ku-nucleus. I-“deuterium” eyodwa ene-neutron kanye ne-“tritium” ezimbili ezine-neutron. Lezi futhi ziyizinto zokwakha amandla okuhlanganisa.
Ngaphakathi kwenkanyezi efana nelanga, kwenzeka ukuhlangana kwe-nuclear kusuka ku-hydrogen kuya ku-helium, okuwumthombo wamandla ukuze inkanyezi ikhanye.
Nokho, i-hydrogen ayivamile ukuba khona njengegesi eMhlabeni. I-hydrogen yakha inhlanganisela nezinye izinto ezifana namanzi, i-methane, i-ammonia kanye ne-ethanol. Njengoba i-hydrogen iyisici esilula, njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ijubane lokuhamba kwama-molecule e-hydrogen liyakhula, futhi liphume ekudonseleni komhlaba liye emkhathini ongaphandle.
Indlela Yokusebenzisa I-Hydrogen? Sebenzisa Ngokushisa
Khona-ke, isetshenziswa kanjani “i-hydrogen”, eye yadonsela ukunaka emhlabeni wonke njengomthombo wamandla wesizukulwane esilandelayo? Isetshenziswa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: “ukusha” kanye “neseli likaphethiloli”. Ake siqale ngokusebenzisa “ukusha”.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokushisa ezisetshenziswayo.
Eyokuqala injengophethiloli werokhethi. Irokhethi ye-H-IIA yaseJapan isebenzisa igesi ye-hydrogen “i-hydrogen ewuketshezi” kanye “nophethiloli owuketshezi” nayo esesimweni se-cryogenic njengophethiloli. Lokhu kokubili kuyahlanganiswa, futhi amandla okushisa akhiqizwa ngaleso sikhathi asheshisa ukufakwa kwama-molecule amanzi akhiqizwayo, andiza aye emkhathini. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi iyinjini enzima ngobuchwepheshe, ngaphandle kweJapane, yi-United States, iYurophu, iRussia, iShayina neNdiya kuphela ezihlanganise ngempumelelo lophethiloli.
Okwesibili ukukhiqizwa kwamandla. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla e-turbine yegesi kusebenzisa nendlela yokuhlanganisa i-hydrogen ne-oxygen ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla. Ngamanye amazwi, kuyindlela ebheka amandla okushisa akhiqizwa yi-hydrogen. Ezitshalweni zamandla okushisa, ukushisa okuvela emalahleni ashisayo, uwoyela kanye negesi yemvelo kukhiqiza umusi oqhuba ama-turbine. Uma i-hydrogen isetshenziswa njengomthombo wokushisa, isitshalo samandla ngeke sithinteke yi-carbon.
Ungayisebenzisa Kanjani I-Hydrogen? Isetshenziswa Njengeseli Kaphethiloli
Enye indlela yokusebenzisa i-hydrogen iwukuba yiseli likaphethiloli, eliguqula i-hydrogen ngqo ibe ugesi. Ikakhulukazi, iToyota idonsele ukunaka eJapane ngokuncoma izimoto ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen esikhundleni sezimoto zikagesi (ama-EV) njengendlela ehlukile kunezimoto zikaphethiloli njengengxenye yezinyathelo zayo zokulwa nokufudumala komhlaba.
Ngokuqondile, senza inqubo ephambene lapho sethula indlela yokukhiqiza "i-hydrogen eluhlaza". Ifomula yamakhemikhali imi kanje.
I-hydrogen ingakhiqiza amanzi (amanzi ashisayo noma umusi) ngenkathi ikhiqiza ugesi, futhi ingahlolwa ngoba ayibeki umthwalo emvelweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le ndlela inokusebenza kahle okuphansi kokukhiqiza ugesi okungu-30-40%, futhi idinga i-platinum njengesikhuthazi, ngaleyo ndlela idinga izindleko ezengeziwe.
Njengamanje, sisebenzisa amaseli kaphethiloli e-polymer electrolyte (PEFC) kanye namaseli kaphethiloli e-phosphoric acid (PAFC). Ikakhulukazi, izimoto zamaseli kaphethiloli zisebenzisa i-PEFC, ngakho-ke kungalindelwa ukuthi isakazeke esikhathini esizayo.
Ingabe Ukugcinwa Kwe-Hydrogen Nokuthutha Kuphephile?
Okwamanje, sicabanga ukuthi usuyaqonda ukuthi igesi ye-hydrogen yenziwa futhi isetshenziswa kanjani. Ngakho-ke uyigcina kanjani le hydrogen? Uyithola kanjani lapho uyidinga khona? Kuthiwani ngokuphepha ngaleso sikhathi? Sizochaza.
Eqinisweni, i-hydrogen nayo iyisici esiyingozi kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, sasebenzisa i-hydrogen njengegesi ukuntanta amabhaluni, amabhaluni, kanye nezindiza esibhakabhakeni ngoba kwakukhanya kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngoMeyi 6, 1937, eNew Jersey, e-USA, “ukuqhuma komkhumbi wezindiza i-Hindenburg” kwenzeka.
Kusukela kwenzeka ingozi, kuye kwaqashelwa kabanzi ukuthi igesi ye-hydrogen iyingozi. Ikakhulukazi uma ibamba umlilo, izoqhuma ngamandla nomoya-mpilo. Ngakho-ke, “gcina kude nomoya-mpilo” noma “gcina kude nokushisa” kubalulekile.
Ngemva kokuthatha lezi zinyathelo, sathola indlela yokuthumela.
I-hydrogen iyigesi etholakala ekamelweni lokushisa, ngakho-ke noma iseyigesi, inkulu kakhulu. Indlela yokuqala ukufaka umfutho ophezulu nokucindezela njengesilinda lapho wenza iziphuzo ezine-carbonated. Lungisa ithangi elikhethekile elinomfutho ophezulu bese uligcina ngaphansi kwezimo zomfutho ophezulu njenge-45Mpa.
IToyota, eyakha izimoto zamaseli kaphethiloli (i-FCV), yakha ithangi le-hydrogen elinomfutho ophezulu we-resin elingamelana nomfutho we-70 MPa.
Enye indlela ukupholisa kufike ku--253°C ukuze kwenziwe i-hydrogen ewuketshezi, bese uyigcina futhi uyithuthe ngamathangi akhethekile afakwe ukushisa. Njenge-LNG (igesi yemvelo ewuketshezi) lapho igesi yemvelo ingeniswa ivela kwamanye amazwe, i-hydrogen iyawuketshezi ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa, inciphisa umthamo wayo ube yi-1/800 yesimo sayo segesi. Ngo-2020, saqeda i-liquid hydrogen carrier yokuqala emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ayifaneleki ezimotweni zamaseli kaphethiloli ngoba idinga amandla amaningi ukuze iphole.
Kukhona indlela yokugcina nokuthumela emathangini anjengalawa, kodwa futhi sithuthukisa ezinye izindlela zokugcina i-hydrogen.
Indlela yokugcina iwukusebenzisa ama-alloy okugcina i-hydrogen. I-hydrogen inempahla yokungena kwezinsimbi bese iziwohloza. Leli yicebiso lokuthuthukiswa elasungulwa e-United States ngawo-1960. UJJ Reilly nabanye. Ukuhlolwa kubonise ukuthi i-hydrogen ingagcinwa futhi ikhishwe kusetshenziswa i-alloy ye-magnesium ne-vanadium.
Ngemva kwalokho, waphumelela ekwakheni into efana ne-palladium, engakwazi ukumunca i-hydrogen izikhathi ezingu-935 zomthamo wayo.
Inzuzo yokusebenzisa le ngxubevange ukuthi ingavimbela izingozi zokuvuza kwe-hydrogen (ikakhulukazi izingozi zokuqhuma). Ngakho-ke, ingagcinwa futhi ithuthwe ngokuphephile. Kodwa-ke, uma ungaqaphile futhi uyishiye endaweni engafanele, ingxubevange yokugcina i-hydrogen ingakhipha igesi ye-hydrogen ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nokho, ngisho nenhlansi encane ingabangela ingozi yokuqhuma, ngakho-ke qaphela.
Futhi kunezinkinga zokuthi ukumuncwa kwe-hydrogen okuphindaphindiwe kanye nokumuncwa kwayo kuholela ekuqhekekeni futhi kunciphise izinga lokumuncwa kwe-hydrogen.
Okunye ukusebenzisa amapayipi. Kunesimo sokuthi akumele kube nokucindezela okuphansi futhi okungacindezelwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqhekeka kwamapayipi, kodwa inzuzo ukuthi amapayipi egesi akhona angasetshenziswa. I-Tokyo Gas yenze umsebenzi wokwakha e-Harumi FLAG, isebenzisa amapayipi egesi edolobheni ukuze inikeze i-hydrogen kumaseli kaphethiloli.
Inhlangano Yesikhathi Esizayo Edalwe yi-Hydrogen Energy
Okokugcina, ake sicabangele indima i-hydrogen engayidlala emphakathini.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi sifuna ukukhuthaza umphakathi ongenawo ikhabhoni, sisebenzisa i-hydrogen ukukhiqiza ugesi esikhundleni samandla okushisa.
Esikhundleni sezitshalo ezinkulu zamandla okushisa, eminye imizi yethule izinhlelo ezifana ne-ENE-FARM, ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen etholakala ngokuguqula igesi yemvelo ukuze ikhiqize ugesi odingekayo. Kodwa-ke, umbuzo wokuthi yini okufanele yenziwe ngemikhiqizo engaphansi kwenqubo yokuguqula usalokhu ukhona.
Esikhathini esizayo, uma ukujikeleziswa kwe-hydrogen ngokwayo kukhuphuka, njengokwandisa inani leziteshi zokugcwalisa i-hydrogen, kuzokwazi ukusebenzisa ugesi ngaphandle kokukhipha i-carbon dioxide. Ugesi ukhiqiza i-hydrogen eluhlaza, vele, ngakho-ke usebenzisa ugesi okhiqizwa ukukhanya kwelanga noma umoya. Amandla asetshenziselwa i-electrolysis kufanele abe amandla okucindezela inani lokukhiqiza ugesi noma ukushaja ibhethri elishajwayo lapho kunamandla amaningi avela emandleni emvelo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-hydrogen isesimweni esifanayo nebhethri elishajwayo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ekugcineni kuzokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukukhiqiza ugesi oshisayo. Usuku lapho injini yokushisa yangaphakathi inyamalala ezimotweni lusondela ngokushesha.
I-hydrogen ingatholakala ngenye indlela. Eqinisweni, i-hydrogen isengumkhiqizo ongaphansi kokukhiqizwa kwe-caustic soda. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ingumkhiqizo ongaphansi kokukhiqizwa kwe-coke ekwenzeni insimbi. Uma ufaka le hydrogen ekusatshalalisweni, uzokwazi ukuthola imithombo eminingi. Igesi ye-hydrogen ekhiqizwa ngale ndlela ihlinzekwa futhi yiziteshi ze-hydrogen.
Ake sibheke phambili esikhathini esizayo. Inani lamandla alahlekile nalo liyinkinga ngendlela yokudlulisa esebenzisa izintambo ukuhlinzeka ngamandla. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini esizayo, sizosebenzisa i-hydrogen ethunyelwa ngamapayipi, njengamathangi e-carbonic acid asetshenziswa ekwenzeni iziphuzo ezine-carbonated, futhi sithenge ithangi le-hydrogen ekhaya ukuze likhiqize ugesi kuwo wonke umndeni. Amadivayisi eselula asebenza ngamabhethri e-hydrogen aseyinto evamile. Kuzoba mnandi ukubona ikusasa elinjalo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-08-2023
