Sizokwethula "i-hydrogen", isizukulwane esilandelayo samandla esingathathi hlangothi. I-Hydrogen ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezintathu: "i-hydrogen eluhlaza", "i-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kanye "ne-hydrogen empunga", ngayinye enendlela yokukhiqiza ehlukile. Sizophinde sichaze indlela ngayinye yokukhiqiza, izakhiwo ezibonakalayo njengezakhi, izindlela zokugcina/zokuthutha, nezindlela zokusebenzisa. Futhi ngizokwethula nokuthi kungani iwumthombo wamandla ohamba phambili esizukulwaneni esilandelayo.
I-Electrolysis Yamanzi Ukukhiqiza I-Hydrogen Ehlaza
Uma usebenzisa i-hydrogen, kubalulekile “ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen” noma kunjalo. Indlela elula iwukuba "electrolyze amanzi". Mhlawumbe wenze esikoleni sesayensi yebanga. Gcwalisa i-beaker ngamanzi nama-electrode emanzini. Uma ibhethri lixhunywe kuma-electrode futhi linikwa amandla, ukusabela okulandelayo kwenzeka emanzini naku-electrode ngayinye.
Ku-cathode, i-H + nama-electron ahlangana ukuze akhiqize igesi ye-hydrogen, kuyilapho i-anode ikhiqiza umoya-mpilo. Noma kunjalo, le ndlela ilungile ekuhloleni isayensi yesikole, kodwa ukuze kukhiqizwe i-hydrogen ezimbonini, izindlela ezisebenzayo ezifanele ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kufanele zilungiswe. Leyo “i-polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis”.
Ngale ndlela, ulwelwesi lwe-polymer semipermeable oluvumela ukudlula kwama-ion e-hydrogen lufakwe phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode. Lapho amanzi ethelwa ku-anode yomshini, ama-ion e-hydrogen akhiqizwa i-electrolysis ahamba ngolwelwesi olungangeneka kalula aye ku-cathode, lapho eba i-hydrogen yamangqamuzana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-ion omoya-mpilo awakwazi ukudlula kulwelwesi olungenakunyakaziswa futhi abe amangqamuzana omoya-mpilo ku-anode.
Futhi ku-electrolysis yamanzi e-alkali, udala i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ngokuhlukanisa i-anode ne-cathode ngokusebenzisa isihlukanisi okungadlula ama-ion e-hydroxide kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezindlela zezimboni ezifana ne-high-temperature steam electrolysis.
Ngokwenza lezi zinqubo ngezinga elikhulu, inani elikhulu le-hydrogen lingatholakala. Kule nqubo, kukhiqizwa nenani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo (ingxenye yomthamo we-hydrogen ekhiqizwayo), ukuze ungabi nomthelela omubi emvelweni uma udedelwa emkhathini. Kodwa-ke, i-electrolysis idinga ugesi omningi, ngakho-ke i-hydrogen-free hydrogen ingakhiqizwa uma ikhiqizwa ngogesi ongawasebenzisi amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, njengama-wind turbines nama-solar panel.
Ungathola "i-hydrogen eluhlaza" ngokufaka amanzi nge-electrolyzing usebenzisa amandla ahlanzekile.
Kukhona nejeneretha ye-hydrogen yokukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu le hydrogen eluhlaza. Ngokusebenzisa i-PEM engxenyeni ye-electrolyzer, i-hydrogen ingakhiqizwa ngokuqhubekayo.
I-Blue Hydrogen Yenziwe Ngamafutha Amafutha
Ngakho-ke, yiziphi ezinye izindlela zokwenza i-hydrogen? I-Hydrogen ikhona kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi njengegesi yemvelo namalahle njengezinye izinto ngaphandle kwamanzi. Isibonelo, cabanga nge-methane (CH4), ingxenye eyinhloko yegesi yemvelo. Kunama-athomu amane e-hydrogen lapha. Ungathola i-hydrogen ngokukhipha le hydrogen.
Enye yalezi inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi “i-steam methane reforming” esebenzisa isitimu. Ifomula yamakhemikhali yale ndlela imi kanje.
Njengoba ubona, i-carbon monoxide ne-hydrogen ingakhishwa ku-molecule eyodwa ye-methane.
Ngale ndlela, i-hydrogen ingakhiqizwa ngezinqubo ezinjengokuthi "ukuguqulwa komusi" kanye "ne-pyrolysis" yegesi yemvelo namalahle. “I-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” ibhekisela ku-hydrogen ekhiqizwa ngale ndlela.
Nokho, kulesi simo, i-carbon monoxide ne-carbon dioxide akhiqizwa njengemikhiqizo. Ngakho kufanele uwasebenzise kabusha ngaphambi kokuba akhishelwe emkhathini. I-carbon dioxide ephuma kumkhiqizo, uma ingatholakali, iba igesi ye-hydrogen, eyaziwa ngokuthi “i-grey hydrogen”.
Hlobo Luni Lwe-Element IHydrojeni?
IHydrojeni inenombolo ye-athomu engu-1 futhi iyisici sokuqala kuthebula le-periodic.
Inani lama-athomu likhulu kunawo wonke endaweni yonke, lithatha cishe u-90% wazo zonke izakhi ezisemkhathini. I-athomu encane kunazo zonke ehlanganisa i-proton ne-electron i-athomu ye-hydrogen.
I-Hydrogen inama-isotopes amabili anama-neutron axhunywe ku-nucleus. I-"deuterium" eyodwa eboshwe nge-neutron kanye ne-"tritium" ehlanganiswe ne-neutron. Lezi futhi izinto zokukhiqiza amandla e-fusion.
Ngaphakathi kwenkanyezi efana nelanga, kwenzeka ukuhlanganiswa kwenuzi kusuka ku-hydrogen kuya ku-helium, okuwumthombo wamandla okwenza inkanyezi ikhanye.
Nokho, i-hydrogen ayivamile ukuba khona njengegesi eMhlabeni. I-Hydrogen yakha inhlanganisela nezinye izakhi ezifana namanzi, i-methane, i-ammonia ne-ethanol. Njengoba i-hydrogen iyisici esikhanyayo, njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ijubane lokunyakaza lama- molecule e- hydrogen liyakhula, bese liphuma emandla adonsela phansi omhlaba liye emkhathini.
Indlela yokusebenzisa iHydrogen? Sebenzisa nge-Combustion
Khona-ke, isetshenziswa kanjani “i-hydrogen”, eye yadonsa ukunaka emhlabeni wonke njengomthombo wamandla wesizukulwane esilandelayo, isetshenziswa kanjani? Isetshenziswa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: "i-combustion" kanye "ne-fuel cell". Ake siqale ngokusebenzisa "ukushiswa".
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuvutha ezisetshenzisiwe.
Eyokuqala ifana nophethiloli we-rocket. Irokhethi yaseJapan i-H-IIA isebenzisa igesi ye-hydrogen “i-liquid hydrogen” kanye “nomoya-mpilo owuketshezi” nawo osesimeni se-cryogenic njengophethiloli. Lezi ezimbili zihlangene, futhi amandla okushisa akhiqizwa ngaleso sikhathi asheshisa umjovo wama-molecule amanzi akhiqizwayo, endizela emkhathini. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi iyinjini enzima ngokobuchwepheshe, ngaphandle kwaseJapan, yi-United States, i-Europe, iRussia, iChina kanye ne-India kuphela okuhlanganise ngempumelelo lamafutha.
Owesibili ukukhiqiza ugesi. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi ophephela emhlane nakho kusebenzisa indlela yokuhlanganisa i-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla. Ngamanye amazwi, kuyindlela ebheka amandla ashisayo akhiqizwa i-hydrogen. Ezitshalweni zamandla ashisayo, ukushisa okuvela kumalahle avuthayo, uwoyela negesi yemvelo kukhiqiza isitimu esishayela izinjini zomoya. Uma i-hydrogen isetshenziswa njengomthombo wokushisa, indawo kagesi ngeke ingathathi hlangothi.
Indlela yokusebenzisa iHydrogen? Isetshenziswa njenge-Fuel Cell
Enye indlela yokusebenzisa i-hydrogen ifana ne-fuel cell, eguqula i-hydrogen ibe ugesi ngokuqondile. Ikakhulukazi, iToyota idonse ukunaka eJapan ngokuphakamisa izimoto eziphehlwa yi-hydrogen esikhundleni sezimoto zikagesi (EVs) njengenye indlela yezimoto zikaphethiloli njengengxenye yezinyathelo zayo zokulwa nokushisa komhlaba.
Ngokukhethekile, senza inqubo ehlanekezelwe lapho sethula indlela yokukhiqiza “ye-hydrogen eluhlaza”. Ifomula yamakhemikhali imi kanje.
I-hydrogen ingakhiqiza amanzi (amanzi ashisayo noma isitimu) kuyilapho ikhiqiza ugesi, futhi ingahlolwa ngoba ayiwubeki umthwalo endaweni ezungezile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le ndlela inamandla aphansi okukhiqiza amandla angama-30-40%, futhi idinga iplatinamu njenge-catalyst, ngaleyo ndlela idinga izindleko ezikhuphukile.
Njengamanje, sisebenzisa amaseli e-polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) namaseli e-phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC). Ikakhulukazi, izimoto zamaseli kaphethiloli zisebenzisa i-PEFC, ngakho-ke kungalindeleka ukuthi zisakazeke esikhathini esizayo.
Ingabe Isitoreji Se-Hydrogen Nokuthutha Kuphephile?
Njengamanje, sicabanga ukuthi uyaqonda ukuthi igesi ye-hydrogen yenziwa futhi isetshenziswe kanjani. Ngakho uyigcina kanjani le hydrogen? Uyithola kanjani lapho uyidinga khona? Kuthiwani ngokulondeka ngaleso sikhathi? Sizochaza.
Eqinisweni, i-hydrogen nayo iyisici esiyingozi kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, sasebenzisa i-hydrogen njengegesi ukuze sintante amabhaluni, amabhaluni nemikhumbi yomoya esibhakabhakeni ngenxa yokuthi kwakukhanya kakhulu. Nokho, ngo-May 6, 1937, eNew Jersey, eU.SA, “ukuqhuma kwendiza yaseHindenburg” kwenzeka.
Kusukela kwenzeka ingozi, sekuyaziwa kabanzi ukuthi igesi ye-hydrogen iyingozi. Ikakhulukazi uma ibamba umlilo, izoqhuma ngamandla nomoya-mpilo. Ngakho-ke, “ukugwema umoya-mpilo” noma “ukugwema ukushisa” kubalulekile.
Ngemva kokuthatha lezi zinyathelo, saqhamuka nendlela yokuthutha.
I-Hydrogen iyigesi ekamelweni lokushisa, ngakho-ke nakuba kuseyigesi, inkulu kakhulu. Indlela yokuqala ukufaka umfutho ophezulu kanye nokucindezela njengesilinda lapho wenza iziphuzo ze-carbonated. Lungiselela ithangi elikhethekile elinomfutho ophezulu bese uligcina ngaphansi kwezimo ezinomfutho ophezulu njenge-45Mpa.
I-Toyota, eyakha izimoto zama-fuel cell (FCV), yakha ithangi le-hydrogen elinomfutho ophezulu we-resin elikwazi ukumelana nomfutho we-70 MPa.
Enye indlela iwukupholisa kuze kufike ku -253°C ukwenza i-hydrogen ewuketshezi, bese uyigcina futhi uyithuthe emathangeni akhethekile angevalwa ukushisa. Njenge-LNG (i-liquefied natural gas) lapho igesi yemvelo ingenisiwe isuka phesheya, i-hydrogen iyancibilika ngesikhathi ithuthwa, yehlise umthamo wayo ube ngu-1/800 wesimo sayo segesi. Ngo-2020, saphothula umthumeli we-hydrogen owuketshezi wokuqala emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke le ndlela ayizifanele izimoto zikaphethroli ngoba idinga amandla amaningi ukuze iphole.
Kukhona indlela yokugcina nokuthunyelwa emathangini anjengalena, kodwa futhi sithuthukisa ezinye izindlela zokugcina i-hydrogen.
Indlela yokugcina ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen storage alloys. I-Hydrogen inendawo yezinsimbi ezingenayo futhi ziwohloke. Leli ithiphu lentuthuko elasungulwa e-United States ngeminyaka yawo-1960. U-JJ Reilly et al. Ukuhlola kubonise ukuthi i-hydrogen ingagcinwa futhi ikhululwe kusetshenziswa ingxubevange ye-magnesium ne-vanadium.
Ngemva kwalokho, wakha ngempumelelo into efana ne-palladium, ekwazi ukumunca i-hydrogen izikhathi ezingu-935 ngomthamo wayo.
Inzuzo yokusebenzisa le alloy ukuthi ingavimbela izingozi zokuvuza kwe-hydrogen (ikakhulukazi izingozi zokuqhuma). Ngakho-ke, ingagcinwa futhi ihanjiswe ngokuphepha. Kodwa-ke, uma unganakile futhi uyishiya endaweni engafanele, ama-alloys e-hydrogen angakhipha igesi ye-hydrogen ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nokho, ngisho nenhlansi encane ingabangela ingozi yokuqhuma, ngakho-ke qaphela.
Kuphinde kube nokubi ukuthi ukumuncwa kwe-hydrogen okuphindaphindiwe kanye nokukhishwa kwe-hydrogen kuholela e-embrittlement futhi kunciphise izinga lokumunca i-hydrogen.
Okunye ukusebenzisa amapayipi. Kunombandela wokuthi kumele kube okungacindezelwe futhi kube nengcindezi ephansi ukuze kuvinjwe ukuvuthwa kwamapayipi, kodwa inzuzo ukuthi amapayipi egesi akhona angasetshenziswa. I-Tokyo Gas yenza umsebenzi wokwakha ku-Harumi FLAG, isebenzisa amapayipi egesi edolobha ukuhlinzeka nge-hydrogen kumaseli kaphethiloli.
I-future Society Idalwe yi-Hydrogen Energy
Ekugcineni, ake sicabangele indima i-hydrogen engadlala ngayo emphakathini.
Okubaluleke nakakhulu ukuthi sifuna ukukhuthaza umphakathi ongenaso i-carbon, sisebenzisa i-hydrogen ukuze sikhiqize ugesi esikhundleni samandla okushisa.
Esikhundleni sezitshalo ezinkulu eziphehla amandla ashisayo, eminye imizi yethule izinhlelo ezifana ne-ENE-FARM, esebenzisa i-hydrogen etholwe ngokulungisa kabusha igesi yemvelo ukuze ikhiqize ugesi odingekayo. Kodwa-ke, umbuzo wokuthi kufanele kwenziweni ngemikhiqizo esanda kwenziwa yenqubo yokulungisa usekhona.
Esikhathini esizayo, uma ukujikeleza kwe-hydrogen ngokwawo kwanda, njengokwandisa iziteshi ze-hydrogen refueling, kuzokwazi ukusebenzisa ugesi ngaphandle kokukhipha i-carbon dioxide. Yebo, ugesi ukhiqiza i-hydrogen eluhlaza, ngakho-ke usebenzisa ugesi okhiqizwa ukukhanya kwelanga noma umoya. Amandla asetshenziselwa i-electrolysis kufanele kube amandla okucindezela inani lokukhiqiza amandla noma ukushaja ibhethri elishajekayo uma kunamandla anqwabelene avela kumandla emvelo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-hydrogen isendaweni efanayo nebhethri elishajekayo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ekugcineni kuyokwazi ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ashisayo. Usuku lapho injini evuthayo yangaphakathi inyamalala ezimotweni lusondela ngokushesha.
I-hydrogen nayo ingatholakala ngomunye umzila. Eqinisweni, i-hydrogen isewumkhiqizo wokukhiqizwa kwe-caustic soda. Phakathi kokunye, iwumkhiqizo wokukhiqizwa kwe-coke ekwenzeni insimbi. Uma ubeka le hydrogen ekusabalaliseni, uzokwazi ukuthola imithombo eminingi. Igesi ye-hydrogen ekhiqizwa ngale ndlela nayo ihlinzekwa yiziteshi ze-hydrogen.
Ake sibheke phambili esikhathini esizayo. Inani lamandla alahlekile liphinde libe yinkinga endleleni yokudlulisa esebenzisa izintambo ukunikeza amandla. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini esizayo, sizosebenzisa i-hydrogen elethwa ngamapayipi, njengamathange e-carbonic acid asetshenziswa ekwenzeni iziphuzo ezine-carbonated, futhi sithenge ithange le-hydrogen ekhaya ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi wawo wonke umuzi. Imishini ephathwayo esebenza ngamabhethri e-hydrogen isiyinsakavukela. Kuyothakazelisa ukubona ikusasa elinjalo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-08-2023
