Ukushiswa kwe-Electrochemical

Ngomqondo obanzi, i-electrochemical oxidation ibhekisela kuyo yonke inqubo ye-electrochemistry, ehilela ukusabela okuqondile noma okungaqondile kwe-electrochemical okwenzeka ku-electrode ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zokusabela kokunciphisa i-oxidation. Lokhu kusabela kuhlose ukunciphisa noma ukususa ukungcola emanzini angcolile.

Njengoba ichazwe kancane, i-electrochemical oxidation ibhekisela ngqo enqubweni ye-anodic. Kule nqubo, isixazululo se-organic noma ukumiswa kungeniswa esitokisini se-electrolytic, futhi ngokusebenzisa ugesi oqondile, ama-electron akhishwa ku-anode, okuholela ekufakweni kwe-oxidation kwamakhemikhali e-organic. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinsimbi ze-low-valence zingafakwa ku-ion yensimbi ye-high-valence ku-anode, bese zihlanganyela ekufakweni kwe-oxidation kwamakhemikhali e-organic. Ngokuvamile, amaqembu athile asebenzayo ngaphakathi kwamakhemikhali e-organic abonisa umsebenzi we-electrochemical. Ngaphansi kwethonya lensimu kagesi, isakhiwo sala maqembu asebenzayo sidlula ezinguqukweni, sishintsha izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zamakhemikhali e-organic, sinciphise ubuthi bawo, futhi sithuthukise ukubola kwawo.

Ukushiswa kwe-electrochemical kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ukushiswa okuqondile kanye nokushiswa okungaqondile. Ukushiswa okuqondile (i-electrolysis eqondile) kuhilela ukususwa okuqondile kokungcola emanzini angcolile ngokuwashiswa ku-electrode. Le nqubo ihlanganisa izinqubo ze-anodic kanye ne-cathodic. Inqubo ye-anodic ihilela ukushiswa kokungcola ebusweni be-anode, okukuguqula kube izinto noma izinto ezinobuthi obuncane ezingaboli kalula, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe noma kuqedwe ukungcola. Inqubo ye-cathodic ihilela ukunciphisa ukungcola ebusweni be-cathode futhi isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukunciphisa nokususa ama-hydrocarbon aqukethe i-halogen kanye nokubuyisa izinsimbi ezisindayo.

Inqubo ye-cathodic ingabizwa nangokuthi ukunciphisa i-electrochemical. Ihilela ukudluliselwa kwama-electron ukuze kuncishiswe ama-ion ensimbi esindayo njenge-Cr6+ kanye ne-Hg2+ ezimweni zawo eziphansi ze-oxidation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inganciphisa amakhemikhali e-chlorine aphilayo, iwaguqule abe izinto ezinobuthi obuncane noma ezingezona ubuthi, ekugcineni ithuthukise ukubola kwawo:

R-Cl + H+ + e → RH + Cl-

I-oxidation engaqondile (i-electrolysis engaqondile) ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwama-oxidizing noma ama-reducing agents akhiqizwa ngogesi njengezinto ezisabelayo noma ama-catalyst ukuguqula ukungcola kube izinto ezinobuthi obuncane. I-electrolysis engaqondile ingahlukaniswa kabanzi ibe yizinqubo eziguqukayo nezingenakuguqulwa. Izinqubo eziguqukayo (i-oxidation ye-electrochemical eqondiswayo) ihilela ukuvuselelwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinhlobo ze-redox ngesikhathi senqubo ye-electrochemical. Izinqubo eziguqukayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zisebenzisa izinto ezikhiqizwa ukusabela kwe-electrochemical okungaguquki, njengezinto ezinamandla ezivuselelayo njenge-Cl2, ama-chlorate, ama-hypochlorite, i-H2O2, kanye ne-O3, ukuze zixube amakhemikhali e-organic. Izinqubo eziguqukayo zingakhiqiza futhi ama-intermediate aqukethe i-oxidative kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ama-electron axazululiwe, · ama-radical e-HO, · ama-radical e-HO2 (ama-radical e-hydroperoxyl), kanye · ama-radical e-O2 (ama-anion e-superoxide), angasetshenziswa ukonakalisa nokususa ukungcola njenge-cyanide, ama-phenols, i-COD (i-Chemical Oxygen Demand), kanye nama-ion e-S2, ekugcineni aguqulwe abe izinto ezingenangozi.

Uma kwenzeka i-oxidation eqondile ye-anodic, ukugcwala okuphansi kwe-reactant kunganciphisa ukusabela kobuso be-electrochemical ngenxa yemikhawulo yokudluliselwa kwesisindo, kuyilapho lo mkhawulo ungekho ezinqubweni ze-oxidation ezingaqondile. Phakathi nezinqubo ze-oxidation eziqondile nezingaqondile, ukusabela okuseceleni okubandakanya ukukhiqizwa kwegesi ye-H2 noma ye-O2 kungenzeka, kodwa lokhu kusabela okuseceleni kungalawulwa ngokukhetha izinto ze-electrode kanye nokulawula okungenzeka.

Ukushiswa kwe-electrochemical kutholakale ukuthi kusebenza kahle ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile ngokugxila okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo, ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi, izinto eziningi eziphikisayo, kanye nombala ophezulu. Ngokusebenzisa ama-anode anomsebenzi we-electrochemical, lobu buchwepheshe bungakhiqiza ngempumelelo ama-hydroxyl radicals ane-oxidative kakhulu. Le nqubo iholela ekuboleni kwezinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo eziqhubekayo zibe izinto ezingezona ezinobuthi, ezibolayo kanye nokumbiwa kwazo okuphelele kube yizinhlanganisela ezifana ne-carbon dioxide noma ama-carbonate.